   

               ,                ｡        ,          :

    ,zh､ch､sh z､c､s       ,    ､､；
 en､eng in､ing   ,       ；
h          f  ；
 uo d､t､g､k      o｡

               ,           :

                    ,          ｡                  ,              ｡
        n/l               ,      n   ( )/ ( ), l   ｡    n   ｡  ,                l n｡
       ､､､       u     i  ｡

   
   	   
b	
p	
m	
f, hu-	
d	
t	
n	
l	
di-	
ti-	
li-	
g	
k	
h (   )	
gu-	
ku-	
j, ji-	
q, qi-	
x, xi-	
z, zh	
c, ch	
s, sh	
r	
y	
w	

   
   	   
a	
o	
e	/ (､､ )
i	
u	
ü	
ai	
ei	
ao	
ou	
an	
en/eng (b､p､m､f､w   )	
ang	
ong/eng (b､p､m､f､w )	
ia	
ie	
iu	
iao	
ua	
uo	 (､､､､ )/
uai	
ui	
üe	
ian	
iang	
in/ing	
iong	
uan/üan	
uang	
un/ün	